Over more than a century since the discovery of X-rays, X-ray imaging techniques have been widely applied in various fields such as medicine and industry due to the superior penetrability of X-rays.

It is a general problem to demodulate 3-D phase information from the recording 2-D intensity distributions in optical metrology. Temporal phase-shifting (TPS) interferometry is the most accurate one 1 ...

Nearly 100 years ago, a seemingly simple discovery revolutionized the microscope. The introduction of phase contrast, which garnered a Nobel Prize in 1953, brought into clear view structures inside ...