Forest structural complexity describes the three-dimensional arrangement of vegetation elements at multiple spatial scales, from leaf and branch distributions to canopy layering and gap dynamics. This ...
Forest fragmentation—the division of large, intact woodlands into smaller patches—has emerged as a critical issue in 21st-century global land cover change, with far-reaching implications for ecosystem ...
Forest ecosystems are among the most structurally complex and biodiverse habitats on Earth, spanning tropical rainforests to boreal taiga. They perform critical ecosystem functions—photosynthetic ...
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